Background: The production of nanoparticles using a biosystem is considered green chemistry. Application of plant extracts as a biological process has been proven to be suitable for synthesis of nanoparticles.Objectives: This study designed in order to evaluate the production of silver nanoparticles using Juglans regia LEAF extract and to compare the outcome of different preparation methods of plant extracts (ethanolic extract, boiling water extract and plant powder) for the generation of nanoparticles.Materials and Methods: The reaction mixture contained the following ingredients: AgNO3 (10 mM) as the biotransformation substrate, plant extract or powder as the biocatalyst, glucose (560 mM) as the electron donor, phosphate buffer (pH=7, 100 mM) and ethanol 70% as the solvent in the reaction mixture. The samples were taken from the reaction mixtures at different times, and the absorbance (450 nm) of the colloidal suspensions of silver nanoparticle hydrosols was recorded immediately following dilution (1:80) so as to preserve its freshness.Results: UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis revealed that the direct application of powder of the WALNUT LEAF was the most efficient technique. TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) micrograph obtained by using this method revealed the generation of aggregated polydisperse, quasi-spherical nanoparticles in sizes of 10-50 nm. Ethonolic extract resulted in single silver nanoparticles which were nearly monodisperse, spherical, and individual nanoparticles ranged in size from 1-5 nm. Therefore, using direct powder of WALNUT created more particles but applying ethanolic extract synthesized particles with smaller dimensions and no aggregation.Conclusions: Different preparation methods of Juglans regia influence silver nanoparticles formation.

Genetic resources are the most valuable national treasure of a country and it is vital to identify, conserve and use them. The Persian WALNUT (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most valuable genetic resource in Iran due to its multi benefits (nutrition, wood, environment conservation, genetics and medicine). For this reason, 32 LEAF morphological characteristics of 1. regia were studied on nine populations (four native and five cultivated) and 243 individual trees. LEAF sampling was made two years for the native populations and one year for the cultivated populations. The effects of year variation on LEAF characteristics and the effects of LEAFlet numbers on wealth variation of the characteristics within each genotype were studied. The ANOVA analysis showed that there were significant differences between the WALNUT genotypes in respect to their LEAF characteristics (P<0.001). After correction of variance coefficient (C.V.) of each genotype, based on deduction of corrected C.V. within genotype (C.V.G.) according to LEAFlet numbers (5, 7, 9 and 11 LEAFlets) from primary C.V., a high real value of C.V. was achieved. The Duncan method was used to compare the means and identify the less variable LEAF characteristics, based on C.V.G. and correction of LEAFlet numbers. Correlation coefficient of LEAF characteristics according to each LEAFlet number groups (5, 7 and 9 LEAFlets) was investigated. Using cluster analysis (UPGMA method) to classify the 32 LEAF morphological characteristics for the 243 trees, resulted in 19 clusters which seven clusters contained one individual members and four clusters contained double or triple members. The results showed that the most important, distinctive and reliable LEAF morphological characteristics of J. regia were as follows: length of biggest LEAFlet, petiollength, LEAFlet marginal form, Arctangent of average LEAFlet length to average LEAFlet width, Arctangent of half LEAF width to petiol length.

Study on biology of Iranian WALNUT LEAF gall mite Eriophyes tristriatus (Nalepa) was carried out during years of 1997 - 2000. The gall mite of WALNUT occurred at the lower leaves of trees crown. It was developed moderately into the median and upper parts of crowns. Maximum densities were appeared in the early September. The infestation of leaves was observed mostly on the young trees of on leaves of branches with less low diameters. The felted leaves were not considered as source of infestation in the late season of following year. Insects and wind were the major factors in distributing and transporting this mite. The average LEAF infestation was counted to be about 18%.

Background: One of the complications of diabetes mellitus is the glycosylation of various proteins in the body. The purpose of this study was to explore the glycosylation reaction of albumin (Alb) and hemoglobin (Hb) in the presence of varying concentrations of the hydroalcoholic extract derived from dried WALNUT leaves. Materials and Methods: The plants were gathered and then underwent extraction by employing the maceration technique. Next, 1 mL of the Alb solution, with a concentration of 50 mg/mL, and 1 mL of the Hb solution, with a concentration of 50 mg/mL, were separately exposed to various concentrations of the WALNUT LEAF hydroalcoholic extract (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 0 mg/ mL). Additionally, 1 mL of the glucose solution (30 mg/mL for Alb and 20 mg/mL for Hb) was added to each, along with 0.5 mL of phosphate buffer (pH=7.4, concentration of 0.01 M). This mixture was left for 72 hours, and the absorbance of the final solution was measured at 443 nm. Results: According to the results, the most significant inhibition of Alb glycosylation was observed in the presence of the hydroalcoholic extract from WALNUT leaves at a concentration of 25% µg/ mL. Moreover, the highest percentage of inhibition of glycosylated Hb was found in the presence of 5% µg/mL of the hydroalcoholic extract from dried WALNUT leaves. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract from dried WALNUT leaves was observed to moderately reduce the glycosylation of both Alb and Hb.

Introduction: One of new methods control of oxidation and spicy disruption is using films and edible coatings. Films and edible coatings is obstacles semi-permeability against transfer moisture, inside and outside food gas, so improved shelf life and adverse reactions limits (Abdol Hagh et al, 2011). Pistachio, one of the export products of Iran, under unfavorable conditions during storage mold spoilage and toxins production, especially aflatoxins by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavuse, and moisture absorption decrease the quality of the product. Chitosan is one of protein that has wide range from practical features to be included that one of these applications uses that as films and edible coating. Fresh WALNUT leaves kill insects and also have strong antibacterial and germicidal properties. The main objective of this study was evaluating the effect of pistachio coating with chitosan and WALNUT LEAF extract solution in its shelf life. Material and methods: Modified Chien et al. (2007) method was used to produce edible coating solution of chitosan. 30 and 15 g of chitosan powder solved in 50ml acetic acid and 900 ml distilled water to prepare 3 and 1. 5% chitosan solutions. Sorbitol (5 g) was also used as plasticizer. WALNUT leaves after being washed were dried and milled to form a powder. 200 grams of milled WALNUT leaves were mixed with 1000 ml of distilled water. The resulting mixture after three hours filtered with Whitman No. 1 filter paper and placed in an oven at 50 ° C for 24 hours and completely dried (Adeli Milani, 2015). Pistachios were coated by prepared 1. 5 and 3% (w/v) chitosan and WALNUT leaves extract solutions individually and binary use the corrected method of Chien et al. (2007). Mixed of chitosan (C) powder and water extract from WALNUT LEAF (W) with chitosan ratio to WALNUT LEAF on the witness amount T0(0-0), T1(1. 5-0), T2(1. 5-1. 5), T3(1. 5-3), T4 (3-0), T5(3-1. 5), T6(3-3) gram at liter was coverage. Coating impact on the moisture content, peroxide value, pests, fungal count and sensory properties of the pistachios were assessed base on national standards of Iran. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test and mean comparisons at a confidence level of 5%. Results and dissection: According to Fig. 1 at all times the sample with 3% chitosan and WALNUT LEAF extract (T6) have more and witness sample have less percent of moisture. In every sample over time moisture significantly decrease. Also with increase using concentration of extract, the moisture samples at during the time faced less reduction ratio other covered samples. This is due to the formation of a protective layer and barrier against the exchange of moisture by coating pistachios and preventing further moisture loss in the specimens. The pests in coated pistachios were significantly different from control ones (p<0. 05). No live pests were observed in all specimens covered during the 3 months due to the protective barrier against infestation and contamination with different pests. In each time, moisture content of control sample (3. 12%) was significantly lower than coated ones (4. 99% for the sample containing 3% chitosan and 3% WALNUT extract) (p<0. 05). Besides, increasing concentrations of chitosan were increased antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, maintained the sensory properties and were effective in preventing oxidation and fungal activity in pistachios. The lowest peroxide content was observed for samples containing 3% chitosan and 1. 5% WALNUT extract. These results indicate the inhibitory effect of chitosan coating on oxygen penetration into pistachio tissue and its antioxidant activity. The samples coated with higher concentrations of chitosan had lower peroxide values than the samples coated with lower concentrations. This indicates that as the concentration of chitosan increases, its antioxidant effect increases. According to the structure of chitosan it can be said that by increasing the concentration of chitosan, active sites for reaction with free radicals are increased and more radicals formed during oxidative reactions are inhibited as well as with increasing number of chitosan molecules in a given volume, the number of carboxyl groups and free amines is increased and therefore more metal ions are trapped by the chitosan molecules. Also due to the influence of the concentration on the coating thickness, it can be said that part of this effect is due to the mechanical protection of the coating against oxygen. Studies has shown that chitosan inhibits mold growth like Aspergillus mold and with increasing chitosan concentration, its antimicrobial effect increased. In the samples containing chitosan, the percentage of mold development decreased with increasing chitosan concentration, so that at the concentration of 1. 5% chitosan, this amount was reduced to zero. Considering chitosan formation of marine origin and derivation of crab and shrimp wastes, it may (occasionally) cause a taste similar to the taste of fish or other seafood, and affect consumer acceptance which will be detectable by increasing the concentration of chitosan. Based on obtained results the effect of chitosan edible coating with WALNUT leaves extract during storage time on the sensory properties was not significant. Conclusion: Chitosan can use as edible coating with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties on pistachio. Also extract of WALNUT LEAF as an effective anti-parasitic agent and with having antimicrobial activity and anti pests at combination with chitosan coverage, can considered as a reinforcement functional properties of chitosan. Effect of chitosan edible coating with WALNUT LEAF extract, on sensory factors (color, taste, texture and general acceptance), peroxide number, moisture and mold growth and yeast on pistachio during storage showed that chitosan coverage with WALNUT LEAF extract, didn’ t have significantly effect on sensory factors of covered pistachio, however the use of high concentration of chitosan and WALNUT LEAF extract were unsatisfactory. According to the results, the best solution containing a composition of 1. 5% chitosan and 1. 5% WALNUT LEAF extract was suggested to increase the shelf life of pistachio. As expected using these edible coatings in addition to keeping the weight of nuts and prevention from drop it that cause damage and loss to the nuts part. By applying antimicrobial factors and anti-pest and antioxidant because increase survival of product.

Leaves from in vitro proliferating shoots of cvs. Chandler and Hartley of Persian WALNUT were cultured on MS and NN media supplemented with BA and NAA. Three light conditions including darkness, low light intensity and modified light intensity were used. Most of the calli were friable and non-embryonic in all three conditions. Rate of callogenesis depended on cultivar, culture medium, light conditions, and interaction between them. In the sixth week, all individual effects and interaction effects were significant and the highest rate of callogenesis were achieved from cv. Hartley on NN medium in the darkness and low light intensity conditions and the lowest one was in cv. Chandler on MS medium in the low light intensity and on NN medium in the modified light intensity conditions. However, in the tenth week, just individual effects of cultivars, light conditions, and media were significant and rate of callogenesis in Hartley, NN medium and dark conditions were more than Chandler, MS medium and other light conditions. Three months after culturing of LEAF explant on plant-growth-regulator-free media, gradually, frequency of callogenesis decreased. Browning of explants and calli was more in the MS media, cv. Chandler and darkness or low light intensity conditions. At the end of five months after initial culture, no embryo was formed from these calli.

Hypothyroidism is a human disease caused by autoimmune disorders and deficiency of iodine in the daily diet. In the present study, the effect of hydro alcoholicLEAF extract of WALNUT on hematological indices in male rats with hypothyroidism was investigated. In this experimental study, 60 adult male rats, each weigh in approximately 200-220 G, were divided into 6 groups of 10. These groups are as follow: The control group, patients in the control group, left untreated; the sham group receiving only distilled water as solvent; the experimental group 1, receiving methimazole for 10 days to induce hypothyroidism; The experimental group 2, treated with 1500 mg/kg LEAF extract; and the experimental groups 3 and 4, which in addition to the induction of hypothyroidism, were treated with 750mg/kg and 1500mg/kg extract respectively.The extract was orally administered daily for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, blood samples were prepared from all the groups, and hematological indices were measured, including the number of red and white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, platelets, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hematocrit, hemoglobin. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA variance test and the SPSS software, (P<0.05). According to the results, the number of red blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin concentration showed a significant decreased in the experimental group 1, relative to the control and sham groups, whereas the number of eosinophil increased significantly (P<0.05). In contrast, The number of RBC, platelets and hemoglobin increased significantly in experimental groups 3 & 4 in comparison with experimental group 1, while the number of eosinophil declined significantly (P<0.05).the number of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, MCH and MCHC decreased significantly in group with hypothyroidism relative to control and sham groups. based on our results and Studies of other researchers, hydro alcoholic WALNUT LEAF extractcan protect red blood cells and hemoglobin against oxidant damage, because it contains flavonoid and polyphenol compounds with high antioxidant properties and the number of eosinophil increased significantly. The compounds present in the extract can also inhibit the aggregation and adhesion of platelets, and cause an increase in the Platelet count in patients with hypothyroidism.